Report on the 60th session of the Human Rights Council

Quick summary

• The 60th regular session of the Human Rights Council (HRC60) was held from Monday 8th September to Wednesday 8th October 2025.
• On 8 September, the High Commissioner Volker Türk opened HRC60 by presenting his global update on the situation of human rights around the world, followed by an interactive dialogue.
• 5 panel discussions were held during the session.
• 95 reports under the Council’s various agenda items were considered.
• 21 interactive dialogues with Special Procedures mandate holders (14 thematic and 7 country-specific) took place, including those dealing with: older persons; the rights of peasants; contemporary forms of slavery;  truth, justice and reparation; the right to development; unilateral coercive measures; the use of mercenaries; the rights to water and sanitation; hazardous substances and wastes;enforced or involuntary disappearances; arbitrary detention; Indigenous Peoples; People of African Descent; promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Afghanistan; Russian Federation; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Burundi; Cambodia; Somalia; and Central African Republic. 
• Eight interactive dialogues with investigative mechanisms were held.
• The outcome reports of the UPR Working Group of the following 15 States were adopted: Armenia, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye. The Council could not adopt Nicaragua’s UPR outcome report.
• One new Special Procedures mandate-holder was appointed to the following mandate: Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Central African Republic.
• 37 texts (35 resolutions, one decision and one President’s statement) were considered by the Council. This represents a 2,6% decrease in the number of adopted texts compared to one-year prior (HRC57). Of the 37 adopted texts, 30 were adopted by consensus (81%), 7 by a recorded vote (19%), and none were rejected. 
• 25 written amendments were put forward by States during the consideration of texts and resolutions: none of them were adopted; 6 were withdrawn, 8 were not considered by the Council and the remaining 11 amendments were rejected by a vote.
• 33 of the texts adopted by the Council (89%) had Programme Budget Implications.
  

  H.E. Jürg Lauber, President of the Human Rights Council (2025) at the opening of the 60th session. Photo via UNTV.

   

High Commissioner’s briefing

On 8 September 2025, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mr. Volker Türk, addressed the Human Rights Council presenting his global update on human rights. He described human rights as the foundation and benchmark in the current climate. He warned against States’ disengagement and disrespect for international law and the spread of militaristic propaganda and rhetoric. 

High Commissioner Türk addressed the escalation of conflicts’ violence and human rights violations: in Ukraine, where Russia is disregarding international system and deliberately attacking  civil infrastructure; in Sudan, reporting that all parties are disregarding international law and highlighting the escalation of sexual violence; in Myanmar and Demoractic Republic of the Congo; and, ultimately, in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories, where civilians, UN staff and journalists are continuously killed and mass atrocities are committed. High Commissioner Türk highlighted Israel’s legal obligation to respect provisions of the International Court of Justice and called for the international community to fulfil its duty and stop the arms flow to Israel.

High Commissioner Türk proceeded by expressing concern over States’ retreat from multilateral frameworks and the sanctions and threats towards the United Nations’ Special Rapporteurs. He worried over countries’ disregard for the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Agenda, the Universal Periodic Review and fundamental international and regional human rights bodies and instruments. He asked States to strengthen and reform the global order and instruments rather than dismissing them. High Commissioner Türk pointed that crises are dragging on while human rights progress is stagnating. He underlined how States are ignoring international human rights or cherry picking among them, including increased resort to executions, violence, forcibly silencing dissent and restriction of media freedom and civil spaces. 

High Commissioner Türk moved on by addressing the status of minorities, as States are reducing their commitment to prevent discrimination, including people of African descent, Indigenous Peoples, Roma people, Uyghurs, Muslim and Tibetan people in China and LGBTI people. On the matter of gender discrimination, the High Commissioner stressed how many countries are cutting programs on women’s rights, on support for survivors of sexual violence and on reproductive rights of women. He also cited the case of Afghanistan, where women have nearly completely disappeared from public space. He continued by noting that policies and practices that violate the rights of migrants and refugees are being normalised with resort to forced deportation and returns of migrants, refugees and marginalised groups, expressing concern over European countries’ and United States’ policies and the resort to removal of citizenships in Kenya and Cambodia. 

High Commissioner Türk emphasised the importance of human rights mechanisms in warning the international community about the development of human rights trends, concerned that hate speech could lead to the escalation of violence and extension of divisions. He reiterated the importance of dialogue and moderation, as historical revisionism and divisive narratives undermine peace and reconciliation. He reminded that, despite freedom of expression being a fundamental human right, it does not translate into the possibility of expressing hatred and violence and encouraged calling out political leaders who instrumentalise it. The High Commissioner underlined how elections are the ultimate test of the government’s commitment to fundamental rights and freedom. He noted how his Office is closely monitoring the elections taking place in many African countries and expressing concern over suppression of media, opposition and protests. 

The High Commissioner underscored that peace and security depend on the full respect of human rights and that discussion over any country’s human rights record must concern the whole international community. He reminded that national sovereignty is the backbone of international law, under which governments have the obligation to protect and respect the human rights of all people, including their political opponents. He continued by noting the importance of multilateral agreements, which have been granted incredible support in the last eighty years as guarantors of freedom and security. He expressed content over the decisions of States to ratify the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Convention against Torture and its Optional Protocol. He also praised the engagement of Member States with the Special Rapporteurs and Treaty Bodies and the acceptance of mandate holders visits. He stressed that engagement with the UN system is the confirmation that the international system benefits all in concrete ways. 

The High Commissioner emphasised the importance of the international community stepping up and holding violators of international law accountable, when other Sovereign States fail to do so. He considered and encouraged stakeholders, National Human Rights Institutions, civil society and philanthropists to participate in the protection of human rights and against the erosion of the rule of law. He continued by underlining the fundamental role of the human right to education as one of the most important tools that promotes freedom and defence against discrimination. He noted that his Office is promoting Member States’ efforts in developing the human rights curricula and amplifying young voices. He called on every Member State to take action and share their strategy to teach about human rights by the 63rd Session of the Council taking place in September next year. 

In closing, he presented a coordinated alliance between the Council, the Member States, civil society, philanthropists and more to strengthen human rights, prevent further crises and achieve the goals of the Secretary General UN80. First, he considered to enhance cooperation and dialogue with all governments; second, to reinforce the importance of human rights through positive narratives and creative approaches; third, to strengthen cooperation on human rights with tech companies, academics and civil society; fourth, to grow support for the human rights economy with their partners; fifth, to promote sustainable funding for human rights work. He concluded by encouraging engagement with his Office to achieve valuable progress everywhere and safeguard the eighty years of progress on freedom, equality and justice. 

The official transcript of Mr. Türk’s oral update can be found here. 

 

Panel discussions

A total of five panel discussions were held during the 60th session. The panels were focused on the following topics:

1. Biennial panel discussion on unilateral coercive measures and human rights (12 September 2024 – concept note – recording).

• The first panel discussion was the Biennial panel discussion on unilateral coercive measures (UCMs) and human rights. The High Commissioner Mr. Volker Türk opened the discussion by pointing out that targeted sanctions against individuals and companies can be an instrument in putting pressure on peace and protecting human rights. However, unilateral coercive measures that are inconsistent with international law impose a risk to human rights. Sanctions on entire sectors of economy can prevent people from accessing the essentials of life. He highlighted the impact of overcompliance, as it can reduce or prevent the import of essential goods. Therefore, it is vital to develop guidelines to address overcompliance. He emphasised the impact sanctions can have on the right to food with disproportionate effects on the most vulnerable people, including women and children. For that reason, sanctions must be fair and take human rights impact assessments into account. 
• Mr. Robert Huish, Associate Professor in the Department of International Development Studies at Dalhousie University stressed out the irony of sanctions as they seek the product of total destruction from what comes from total war, to prevent war. UCMs were originally designed to inflict hunger, pestilence, and suffering on civilian populations. UCMs create isolation, stagnation, and deprivation, harming civilian populations by unintended consequences. He highlighted today’s use of UCMs on individuals within governments or assets that a person in a targeted government may possess abroad. He urged that UCMs are the wrong tool to create behaviour change and demanded for decisive upstream research to identify the humanitarian consequences for people that are vulnerable to food insecurity.
• H. E. Ms. Anayyansi Rodríguez Camejo, Ambassador and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cuba thanked the Office of the High Commissioner for organizing this panel in the difficulties of the liquidity crises of the UN. She stressed how Cuba’s population is facing the consequences of ironclad economics, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States. She underlined Special Rapporteur Alena Douhan and others sending a joint communication to the US Government describing the blockade as a serious violation of the human rights of the people of Cuba. Furthermore, she mentioned Cuba’s efforts to guarantee equitable access to food, protect vulnerable sectors and promote local food production. She urged the Council to protect human rights and to consider the effects of unilateral coercive measures, such as the blockade.

 

2. Panel discussion on combating discrimination, violence and harmful practices against intersex persons (15th September 2025 – concept note – recording).

• Ms. Nada Al-Nashif, United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, highlighted the urgent need to combat discrimination, violence and harmful practices against intersex people, who often face stigma and exclusion, leading to lifelong suffering. She underlined that intersex people continue to encounter barriers in healthcare, education, employment, housing and sports, while access to justice remains limited. The root causes lie in stereotypes, misinformation and taboos, beginning from birth. Noting encouraging steps by some States to prohibit harmful practices and discrimination, she urged all States to ban non-consensual medical procedures, ensure explicit legal protections against discrimination, raise awareness to dismantle harmful stereotypes, and engage with intersex defenders in shaping policies. She concluded by calling for stronger support to intersex human rights defenders and reaffirmed the Office’s commitment to ending violence and abuse, ensuring that intersex people can fully enjoy their rights and freedoms, in line with the pledge to leave no one behind.
• Mr. Jeff Cagandahan, Executive Director at Intersex Philippines and Board Member at Intersex Asia, welcomed the Council’s first-ever discussion on the human rights of intersex people. He noted they remain invisible, stigmatized and subjected to harmful practices, including non-consensual medical interventions. He underlined that discrimination affects access to healthcare, education, employment, justice, and essential medicines, with most States lacking legal protections. Mr. Cagandahan urged dismantling myths and stereotypes, raising awareness, and enacting laws prohibiting non-consensual surgeries and guaranteeing access to remedies. Recalling the Malta Declaration and progress made in several countries, he called on States to listen to intersex voices, support their organizations, and implement legislation that protects bodily autonomy and ensures full inclusion and equality for intersex people.
• Mr. Yuri de Boer, Chair of an Expert Committee of the Steering Committee on Anti-discrimination, Diversity and Inclusion at the Council of Europe, presented the forthcoming Recommendation on the rights of intersex persons – the first international legal instrument dedicated to this issue, pending adoption next month. He highlighted that intersex people still face harmful practices such as non-consensual medical interventions, barriers to justice, violence, bullying, and discrimination in multiple areas of life. The draft Recommendation calls for a legal ban on unnecessary interventions without informed consent, strengthened safeguards, comprehensive protection against discrimination, and inclusion of sex characteristics in equality and hate crime frameworks. Built on Council of Europe standards and broad consultations with intersex persons, it provides a normative framework and practical roadmap for states, urging them to align laws and policies, support intersex-led organisations, and ensure meaningful participation, while deepening cooperation with international partners.
• Ms. Andrea Albagli Iruretagoyena, Undersecretary of Public Health of Chile presented her country’s recent steps to protect the rights of intersex children. She recalled that irreversible surgical and hormonal interventions had long been carried out on infants without consent, causing lifelong harm, and explained that Chile’s Ministry of Health Circular No. 15 (2023) now prohibits medically unnecessary procedures based solely on aesthetic or social grounds. Developed through broad consultation with civil society, academia and medical professionals, the circular prioritizes bodily autonomy, informed consent, and human rights. It is being implemented nationwide through training, monitoring, and dialogue with families, while raising awareness that intersex traits are natural variations, not pathologies. Acknowledging remaining challenges, she stressed that Chile’s experience shows the importance of collaboration, evidence-based policy and the meaningful participation of intersex persons in public health measures.
• Ms. Tlaleng Mofokeng, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health stressed that the right to health includes bodily autonomy and freedom from violence and coercion. He condemned medically unnecessary, irreversible surgeries on intersex infants and children, noting that such practices amount to harmful practices comparable to female genital mutilation, with lifelong consequences, including sterilization, trauma, and loss of sexual function. He underlined States’ obligations to prohibit such interventions, prevent third parties from carrying them out, and support health professionals in adopting rights-based protocols. He called on States, civil society and medical institutions to work together so that intersex persons can fully enjoy their right to health and dignity.

 

3. Biennial panel discussion on youth and human rights (16th September 2025 – concept note – recording).

• Mr. Felipe Paullier, Assistant Secretary-General for Youth Affairs, underscored the essential role of young people in advancing peaceful and just societies, noting their growing leadership across communities, institutions, and digital platforms. While recognizing the persistent barriers faced by many, he emphasized the importance of moving beyond symbolic inclusion of youth towards genuine partnership and meaningful participation. He stressed that youth must be regarded not only as future leaders but as present and indispensable partners in fostering inclusive, resilient, and sustainable societies.
• Ms. Nada Al-Nashif, United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, emphasized the central role of young people in advancing human rights and building peaceful societies, noting that their voices remain too often unheard, particularly among marginalized groups. Highlighting both the barriers they face, including restrictions on freedom of expression, online harms, and limited political representation, she emphasized the importance of creating safe, enabling environments. She called on States and institutions to invest in youth leadership, ensure inclusive participation, support youth human rights activism, and provide the tools for young people to meaningfully shape their futures and strengthen the international human rights system.
• Mr. Bakary D. Sonko, Co-Founder and National Programmes Coordinator of Peace Hub The Gambia highlighted the essential role of young people in promoting peace, human rights, and sustainable development. Drawing on experiences from The Gambia and the wider African region, he cited initiatives empowering youth in mediation, policy engagement, and capacity-building, while stressing the importance of inclusive decision-making, trust between governments and young people, and the creation of enabling environments. He urged States and other stakeholders to invest in youth leadership and meaningful participation to ensure the Youth, Peace, and Security agenda effectively advances social cohesion, human rights, and sustainable peace.
• Mr. Hamish Nott, Member of the Scottish Youth Parliament, underscored the vital role of youth in promoting peaceful societies and safeguarding human rights, highlighting the Scottish Youth Parliament as a model of meaningful youth participation. He noted how young people in Scotland actively shape policies, lead consultations, and engage with government decision-makers, resulting in tangible improvements such as the Young Persons’ Free Bus Travel Scheme. He invited States and stakeholders to ensure that youth voices are included in decision-making, particularly those of marginalized groups, to foster policies that empower young people to contribute to their communities.
• Ms. Nelly Monzón, Coordinator of the Nab’il Project and Secretary of the non-governmental organization Young Artists for Social Justice, highlighted the active role of Guatemalan youth in promoting peace, social cohesion, and human rights. She underscored the Nab’il project’s achievements in fostering leadership, civic engagement, intercultural inclusion, and sustainable youth networks, transforming perceptions of youth as partners in peacebuilding. Ms. Monzón called on States and the international community to invest in youth participation, support successful models, and ensure that young people have real opportunities to influence decisions that shape their communities.
• Ms. Palak Rao, Global Advocacy and Programs Advisor at the Norwegian Students’ and Academics’ International Assistance Fund (SAIH), reiterated the central role of youth in advancing human rights globally, noting both their leadership in formal and grassroots movements and the risks they face as defenders of justice. She underscored the importance of protecting student activists, promoting academic freedom, and ensuring meaningful youth inclusion in decision-making. Ms. Rao encouraged  States to strengthen legal protections, safeguard educational spaces, provide resources, and demonstrate solidarity to support young people as active agents of social change.

 

4. Annual half-day panel discussion on the rights of Indigenous Peoples (24th September 2025 – concept note – recording).

• Ms. Joenia Wapichana, President of the National Indigenous Peoples Foundation of Brazil (FUNAI) acknowledged progress within the UN Framework. She highlighted Brazil’s Indigenous population of about 1,700,000, noting that over half are women and 56% are under 30, demonstrating the population is largely  youth and women. While she cited a strengthening of Indigenous policy in Brazil, these achievements are threatened by legislative changes and economic pressures that seek to relativise fundamental rights. She emphasised that land is spiritual, cultural, and intergenerational for Indigenous Peoples, and its protection is vital for biodiversity and addressing the climate crisis. Furthermore, mining in Brazil is often linked to human rights abuses and environmental degradation. She feared the global demand for minerals for the energy transition could trigger further violations, underscoring the need for a just and equitable transition. She concluded that a just transition requires effective Indigenous participation, binding policies for free, prior, and informed consent, and new safeguards. 
• Mr. Shankar Limbu, Secretary of the Lawyer’s Association for Human Rights of Nepalese Indigenous Peoples and representative of Indigenous People’s Rights International doubted the labelling of hydropower as clean energy, as severe human rights violations are justified in its name. In Nepal, the just transition is undermining Indigenous sovereignty while taking land and resources. He highlighted intensified risks of violent confrontation and criticized green projects as a pattern of colonization that prioritises profit. Furthermore, he recommended designing separate benefit-sharing mechanisms that directly reach Indigenous communities and restricting UN Peacekeeping participation for countries violating Indigenous rights. He also proposed that the UN provide training for judges and lawyers on Indigenous rights and recognise Indigenous justice systems. Finally, he proposed measures to safeguard rights in a just transition, including the rights to self-determination, direct Indigenous representation, promoting solar and wind energy, and returning lands taken by governments. 
• Ms. Sara Olsvig, Chair of the Inuit Circumpolar Council stressed that climate change has damaged earth and human rights. Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples are enshrined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, making it vital that they are in the centre of mitigation or adaptation measures. She highlighted the right of self-determination as a prerequisite for the enjoyment of all rights. Furthermore, she highlighted the human rights violations of extracting industries. She pointed out the need for global standards for transparency, accountability and anti-corruption. She also mentioned the need to establish a High-Level Expert Advisory Group and a UN-led process to strengthen the focus on Indigenous Peoples in addressing just transition to sustainable energy systems. She highlighted the obligation of states, regional and local governments, and businesses to obtain free and prior consent of Indigenous Peoples to their land. She presented actionable recommendations for the implementation of material efficiency and circularity approaches across the entire life cycle of critical energy transition minerals. She concluded by underlying that the systems and decision-making procedures continue to fail the individual and collective rights of Indigenous Peoples.  
• Ms. Anexa Alfred Cunningham, Chair of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples stressed out the shift to renewable energy is vital, however the extracting of minerals, cobalt and rare earth bring concerns particularly to the Indigenous People. She pointed out that the practices are associated with severe violations and denial of human rights. Important minerals of the world which are needed for the energy transition are located on Indigenous People land, but they are excluded from the decision-making. She highlighted that Indigenous People are guardians of biodiversity and sustainability. She urged states and private sectors to respect the rights of Indigenous People, which are universal rights. When projects are carried out in the rights of self-determination and informed consent there can be a positive impact. She concluded by demanding mechanisms to address damaged causes and an inclusion of Indigenous People. The rights of Indigenous People need to be fully respected, effective participation must be established. 

 

5. Annual discussion on the integration of a gender perspective throughout the work of the Human Rights Council and that of its mechanisms (30th September 2025 – concept note – recording).

• Ms. Nada Al-Nashif, Deputy United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, underscored the critical importance of integrating a gender perspective into transitional justice processes. She highlighted the alarming increase in conflict-related violence against women and girls and emphasized their participation as a prerequisite for legitimate and sustainable peace. Drawing on experiences from Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and The Gambia, she noted that gender-sensitive approaches broaden the scope of transitional justice to address root causes, structural discrimination, and intersectional inequalities. She called for parity in all transitional justice mechanisms, meaningful inclusion of women’s rights organizations, and reparations that advance social and economic rights. The Deputy High Commissioner urged States and stakeholders to act decisively to ensure that peace processes uphold and promote the rights of women in all their diversity.
• H. E. Mr. Gustavo Gallón, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Colombia highlighted the country’s experience in integrating a gender perspective into transitional justice, emphasizing the central role of women, girls, and persons of diverse gender identities in peacebuilding. He noted that the 2016 Peace Agreement with the FARC-EP included a dedicated gender chapter and over 120 measures to protect the rights of women and LGBTIQ+ persons, reflecting the engagement of women’s organizations and survivors. Ongoing initiatives were also mentioned, including the Truth Commission’s reporting on sexual violence and the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (2024–2034), developed through broad consultation. While acknowledging challenges such as uneven implementation and persistent structural inequalities, the Ambassador stressed that transitional justice must address both individual and systemic discrimination to achieve sustainable peace and gender equality.
• Mr. Bernard Duhaime, Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice and reparation, emphasized the centrality of a gender perspective in transitional justice, stressing that women, girls, and persons of diverse gender identities have historically been marginalized in truth commissions, reparations, and accountability processes. He highlighted the need for gender-balanced commissions, comprehensive victim typologies, proactive strategies to encourage participation of women and LGBT persons, and intersectional approaches to reparations that address structural inequalities. Mr. Duhaime stressed that accountability mechanisms must adopt specialized protocols for sexual- and gender-based crimes, strengthen justice operators’ capacities, and ensure gender-sensitive victim and witness protection. Among others, States were also called upon to reform discriminatory laws, enhance gender representation in institutions and integrate critical gender perspectives in education. Finally, he stressed meaningful participation of women, girls, LGBT communities, and victims in the design, implementation, and monitoring of transitional justice programs.
• Ms. Devi Khadka, Women’s Rights Activist and Former Member of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal, highlighted the critical need for gender-transformative justice in Nepal’s transitional justice processes. She emphasized that the experiences of women survivors of the 10-year armed conflict have often been overlooked, with discussions narrowly focusing on sexual violence while neglecting structural inequalities, economic exclusion, and political marginalization. She presented the work of the Aparajit Foundation, which has grown from 11 women to over 3,800 members, promoting self-healing, psychosocial support, legal advocacy, and social justice initiatives. Ms. Khadka stressed that meaningful participation of survivors in justice mechanisms is essential and urged the international community to ensure reparations, address structural inequalities, and guarantee women’s full participation in peace processes and decision-making. In conclusion, she emphasized that gender-transformative justice is only possible through advocacy and active engagement.
• Ms. Kateryna Busol, Legal Adviser at the International Centre for Transitional Justice reiterated the need for holistic, gender-competent transitional justice that recognizes the full spectrum of experiences of women, men, and gender-diverse individuals in conflict situations. She highlighted that gender is often narrowly equated with sexual violence and with women and girls, overlooking men’s victimhood and other gendered harms. Drawing on examples from Tunisia, South Africa, Ukraine, Syria, and the Rohingya context, she stressed the importance of addressing structural, historical, and acute gendered impacts, including sexual, social and economic dimensions. Ms. Busol called for transitional justice measures —reparations, prosecutions, and institutional reforms— to engage all layers of experience, and ensure women and men of diverse backgrounds actively co-shape the justice agenda, from design to implementation.

Trust Fund for SIDS/LDCs

The Trust Fund for the participation of LDCs and SIDS in the work of the Council (set up in 2012) funded the participation of seven government officials (six female and one male) at HRC57. The seven delegates come from: Benin*, Burundi*, Ethiopia*, Malawi*, The Maldives*, The Republic of the Marshall Islands*, St Kitts and Nevis.

A large proportion of delegates (86%) come from States that are currently members of the Council. 

*Council members. 

 

Commissions of Inquiry, Fact-Finding Missions and Independent investigations

Eight interactive dialogues with investigative mechanisms were held at the HRC60.

1. The Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar

On 8 September 2025, Mr. Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Mr. Nicholas Koumjian, Chair of the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (COI), spoke about the development of the human rights situation in Myanmar. They reported that the human rights violations in the countries are accountable to all parties in the conflict while civilians bear the cost, with many facing acute food insecurity. Their oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and NGOs on the country’s human rights situation.

High Commissioner Türk reported that, since the coup, civilians are victims of arbitrary killings, politically motivated arrests and abductions and forced recruitment by the military and anti-military armed groups. Villages are being burned and civilian spaces are being attacked by the military. Drones and aerial attacks against civilians are also increasing. The High Commissioner also lamented the deterioration of the humanitarian situation with increases in food prices and a third of the population facing acute food insecurity. Internally displacement is rising and the persecution against the Muslim Rohingya minority is also worsening, by both the Arakan Army and other armed groups. Rohingya armed groups are also committing abuses against civilians. Rohingya have reported restrictions and surveillance of their communications and internet shutdown to restrict their documentation of the violations. 

The High Commissioner informed that the military is now organising military-controlled elections to seek legitimacy. He urged the military to implement the Security Council resolution to stop violence and called for constructive dialogue and reconciliation. He urged all parties to allow humanitarian relief for the civilian population. 

The High Commissioner noted that the international community has all the information to act and reiterated his call for the Security Council to refer the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court and the arrest of the Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Military, Min Aung Hlaing, for crimes against humanity. He welcomed the sanctions imposed on the country but urged States to stop the arms flow. He called for all governments to protect the fleeing population and to create safe pathways for international refugee protection and resettlement, particularly for the Rohingya. 

Mr. Koumjian reported the continuation of serious international crimes and the extension of the suffering of the people of Myanmar. The Mechanism has gathered evidence of arbitrary arrest of political opponents and the torture of detainees by beating, gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence. The military has increased its aerial attacks on opposition forces and civilian population and civilian infrastructures, including houses, hospitals, internally displaced camps and schools. Rohingyas are the largest group of victims, but all ethnic minorities are affected.

Mr. Koumjian reported evidence of executions of combatants and civilians both by the Myanmar military forces and various opposition forces. Mr. Koumjian reminded that the laws of war protect civilians and captured fighters from torture and execution. He informed that they are gathering evidence to hold any perpetrator or commander who failed to prevent or punish such crimes as accountable. 

Mr. Koumjian thanked the civil society and all the individuals who provided them with information to facilitate criminal prosecutions. The Mechanism has shared evidence and analysis to the International Criminal Court, the International Court of Justice and the Federal Prosecution in Argentina concerning crimes against Rohingya. Mr. Koumjian concluded by reminding that the ASEAN and the Council called for the end of violence in Myanmar, but each year the violence grows worse. 

 

2. The International Team of Experts and the Fact-Finding Mission on the situation in the South and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

On 9 September 2025, the Council decided to hold a single enhanced interactive dialogue on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Volker Türk, The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Ms. Marie-Therese Keita-Bocoum, Chair of the International Team of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, updated the Council on the Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They stressed the increase in humanitarian and human rights law violations perpetrated by all parties involved against the civilian population. Their oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and NGOs on the country’s human rights situation.

High Commissioner Volker Türk reported that all parties involved in the provinces of North and South Kivu have committed violations of international human rights and humanitarian laws and war crimes. The M23 supported by the Rwanda Armed Forces may have committed crimes against humanity. High Commissioner Türk reported that M23, supported by the Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF), have committed abuses to intimidate and pressure the civil population and executed civilians, including children, abduct and detain people, including people associated with the DRC Armed Forces, their families and members of the civil society. High Commissioner Türk confirmed that the M23 forces have tortured, ill-treated and sexually abused detainees. Civilians, including children, have been sent to camps where they are subjected to forced labour, military servitude and other forms of torture. 

High Commissioner Türk informed that the DRC Armed Forces deliberately killed civilians following clashes with the Wazalendo armed groups. The Wazalendo groups have recruited children, below the age of 18 and 15 years. The High Commissioner stressed the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war in the DRC. Women and girls, as young as 10, are abducted, gang raped and subjected to sexual slavery; some died. Men, boys and LGBTI people have also been subjected to sexual violence. The stigmatisation reduces the reporting of such crimes, with victims forced to flee and suffering from psychological and physical traumas, including infertility and HIV infection. 

High Commissioner Türk reported political opponents, human rights defenders, activists and judges have been threatened and attacked with an increase in the request of protections to the OHCHR in the DRC. High Commissioner Türk called for an urgent ceasefire and for all parties to uphold international human rights and humanitarian law. He urged Rwanda to stop any support to the M23 and to remove its forces from the DRC. He urged States to pressure Rwanda and DRC to cease their support to armed groups and ensure that humanitarian assistance is delivered and exhorted the States to ensure support to the Commission of Inquiry. 

Ms. Marie-Therese Keita-Bocoum presented the conclusions and recommendations made by the Team on the efforts and progress of the DRC to combat impunity and to ensure transitional justice. Ms. Keita-Bocoum informed that the Team conducted three visits to the country thanks to the cooperation of the authorities. The Team reported the extension of the presence of the M23, the RDF and the AFC in the North and South Kivu provinces. Ms. Keita-Bocoum reported that the situation worsened due to the impact of the financial crisis on MONUSCO and the Team’s mandate.

Ms. Keita-Bocoum stated that efforts have been made on impunity in the East of the country; 2500 judges have been recruited. The Team particularly denounced the threats against justice and human rights defenders, victims and witnesses of serious crimes and journalists. The Team worried about the worsening of the conflict and urged all parties to respect humanitarian and human rights laws and obligations to protect civilians, particularly women and children. Ms. Keita-Bocoum also urged the authorities to protect judicial personnel and called on the UN Security Council to strengthen MONUSCO’s mandate. 

The Team remained concerned about the lack of progress of judicial proceedings, worrying it will have an impact on the reconciliation process and lasting peace. Ms. Keita-Bocoum welcomed the progress achieved in forensic medical expertise and in provisional justice made especially at regional level. Ms. Keita-Bocoum urged the government to support the implementation of provincial justice with the necessary funds and resources. At national level, bills and policies are being drafted on the transitional justice process and Ms. Keita-Bocoum urged their conclusion in order to start the transitional justice process. Ms. Keita-Bocoum reminded the necessity of considering the interests and perspectives of civilians, civil society organisations and women organisations and perspectives in the process. Ms. Keita-Bocoum concluded by urging the UN and the OHCHR to  contribute the Congolese effort to peace and reconciliation. 

The Democratic Republic of the Congo, speaking as the party concerned, welcomed the report of the High Commissioner. The Minister of Human Rights Mr. Samuel Mbemba Kabuya Tanda affirmed that the extent of serious violations and the mass systematic crimes could be defined as genocide, especially of the Hutu ethic group. Violations include massacre of civilians, forced displacement, sexual violence, child conscriptions and attacks on civilian infrastructures, including schools and hospitals. He confirmed that the government is monitoring the human rights violations committed by the occupying forces. He reminded that the resolutions of the Council called for the Rwandan withdrawal and their proxies. He urged for an Independent Commission of Inquiry to be established to investigate the crimes and put an end to impunity. The DRC stated that the Armed Forces of the DRC are not related to the RDF. They reiterated the commitment to counteract any act against democratic values and will proceed with criminal proceedings. The DRC thanked the Group of Experts but requested that the focus be placed on the effective implementation of the Commission of Inquiry as the only mechanism to end impunity and provide justice for the victims. 

Rwanda rejected claims of its support or control over the M23 or any other armed group, as there are no attainable proofs, given the lack of access to the country cited in the report. They accused the report of being politicised and biased, ignoring the 260 armed groups operating in the Eastern DRC. They reiterated that Rwanda supports peace and stability and rejected the accusations. Rwanda noted how MONUSCO has been failing in its mandate. They urged the Council to pause any new mandate and launch a UN-aligned review to streamline overlapping mechanisms under item 2 and 10 and redirect resources for what is most effective for civilians; adopt evidentiary standards for all States; give concerned States timely prior notice of reports before any public condemnation. Rwanda reminded that accountability must be based on objective and verified results instead of prejudging Member States.

 

3. The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Sudan 

On 9 September 2025, Mr. Mohamed Chande Othman (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Sudan. He presented the report, focusing on the impact on civilians and civilian infrastructures and widespread sexual and gender-based violence at the hands of both the RSF and the SAF. The Mission noted that famine is now affecting 25 million Sudanese people. His oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and civil society on the situation of human rights in the country. 

Mr. Othman reported that civilians are deliberately targeted, displaced and starved in Sudan and war crimes are committed by Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF). Actions by the RSF also account to crimes against humanity, including extermination. Deliberate attacks on displacement camps have killed thousands, mostly women and children. Mr. Othman informed about the arbitrary detention, torture and inhuman treatment suffered by civilians under both sides, including electric shocks and sexualised torture by the SAF. 

Mr. Othman reported that sexual and gender-based violence has been a defining feature of the violations. The Mission documented that rape, gang rape, sexual slavery, abduction and forced marriage have been carried out by the RSF targeting mostly non-Arab women and girls, some as young as 12. The SAF are also documented to have committed sexual violence, especially in detention centres. The Mission concluded that both parties have committed deliberate war crimes and that the RSF have committed crimes against humanity. 

Mr. Othman informed the Council that the war is targeting civilian infrastructures and means of survival, including hospitals, markets, water and electricity systems as well as humanitarian convoys. The health system has been decimated and less than one in four health facilities remain operational in the worst-affected areas. The Mission reported that medical personnel have also been targeted, including medics being arrested, threatened or abducted and ambulances attacked. Sudanese humanitarian workers have been killed. Mr. Othman informed that a clearly marked WFP and UNICEF convoy has also been struck by a drone. 

Mr. Othman noted that Sudan is suffering from an hunger emergency with nearly 25 million people facing acute food insecurity. The SAF are failing to minimise casualties; the RSF are  using a deliberate strategy to deprive civilians from means of survival, accounting to a war crime and a crime against humanity. 

The Mission has concluded that victims want justice but have no trust in national institutions and  stressed that international action is indispensable.  Mr. Othman recommended three actions: stopping the fight and sexual violence and allowing humanitarian access; enforcing an arms embargo and sanctions and halting support to either parties while supporting the International Criminal Court and the establishment of an independent mechanism; facilitating inclusive peace processes; documenting violations and supporting victims by civil society. 

 

4. The Group of Independent Experts on the Human Rights Situation in Belarus

On 19 September 2025, Ms. Karinna Moskalenko (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Group of Independent Experts on the Human Rights Situation in Belarus. Ms. Moskalenko informed the Council about the continued violations of rights and the commission of crimes against humanity in Belarus. The Group has reported the unwillingness of the government to investigate or prosecute these crimes and emphasised the role of President Lukashenko. The oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and civil society on the situation of human rights in the country. 

Ms. Moskalenko reported that the Group presented a Conference Room Paper on accountability to counter the culture of impunity in Belarus. Ms. Moskalenko reported that, since the presidential elections of 2020, thousands of Belarusians have been arbitrarily detained for exercising their right to freedom of expression, opinion, assembly and associations. Many have been tortured and were subjected to ill-treatment during arrest and in detention facilities, or forced into exile. The Group concluded that these violations constitute crimes against humanity, especially political persecution and imprisonment. Further, Belarus has shown unwillingness to investigate or prosecute international crimes while perpetrators have been promoted or celebrated. The Group noted that President Lukashenko is at the centre of the culture of impunity. Ms. Moskalenko informed that victims are turning to the international community for response and redress with States facilitating investigations, diplomatic efforts and sanctions. 

Ms. Moskalenko informed that the Group invited Belarus to cooperate with them but the government refused on the basis of non interference with their internal affairs. Ms. Moskalenko stated that judicial measures and State sanctions are not sufficient. It is necessary to guarantee victims’ rights to truth, reparation and assurance of non-recurrence. The Group recommended that no business enterprise operating in Belarus should maintain financial or economic ties with members of security forces or companies owned and controlled by them. 

Belarus, speaking as the country concerned, reminded of their position of non-recognition of the mandate. It argued that the Group has pushed politically charged and fabricated resolutions and conclusions to justify the European Union and other countries’ geopolitical goals against Belarus. Belarus stated that they have been engaged and cooperative actors in the international community and that they are responsive to well-constructed criticism. Belarus reaffirmed that they are open to mutually respectful dialogue, without politicisation that may undermine multilateralism. 

 

5. The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine

On 22 September 2025, Mr. Erik Møse (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine.  Mr.  Erik Møse explained that Russian forces have intensified drone attacks on the population and civilian infrastructures, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity. Further, Russian forces have attacked ambulances and first responders services, preventing them from assisting the population. The oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and NGOs on the situation of human rights in the country.

Mr. Møse noted that the armed conflict continues to have devastating effects on civilians. Attacks with explosive weapons in populated areas remain the leading cause of casualties of civilians, especially due to intensified short-range drone attacks, also directed towards ambulances and other emergency services. In May 2025, the COI concluded that the use of short-range drone attacks against civilians amounted to war crimes, crimes against humanity and violation of international humanitarian law. Mr. Møse informed the Council that videos of civilians being killed and injured have been spread, amounting to the war crime of atrocities upon dignity. 

The COI has not been able to conclude an investigation on the Russian authorities’ allegations on Ukrainian attacks by means of drones due to lack of access to the territories, concerns relating to the safety of witnesses and lack of response to the COI’s questions addressed to the Russian Federation. Nonetheless, the COI current investigation has concluded that Russian drone attacks have been carried out against civilians and civilian objects in localities spanning over 300km on the right bank of the Denipro river, under Ukrainian government control. Mr. Møse  noted that the circumstances of the attacks show the perpetrators intention to kill, harm and destroy. The COI informed that they will return to this point in the next report to the UNGA. 

The COI is also investigating the pattern of deportation and transfer of adult civilians from the Zaporizhzhia province, under Russian control. The investigation on drone attacks and deportation revealed coordinated and organised efforts by the Russian authorities to further capture territories and consolidate their grip over areas they already control. Mr. Møse reported that, close to the frontlines, older persons have been particularly affected, as many are unable to flee, making them vulnerable to attacks. 

Mr. Møse concluded by reiterating that during armed conflicts it is imperative for States to respect the obligation to protect civilians. The COI recalled the importance of the judicial and non-judicial accountability as a means to fulfill the rights of the victims, avoiding impunity and holding perpetrators to account is key to enduring and sustainable peace. 

Ukraine, speaking as the concerned country, expressed its gratitude to the Commission and thanked them for their work and conclusions about the recognition of Russian actions as war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ukraine noted that Russia is deliberately attacking the population and forcibly deporting Ukrainian people, especially children, separating them from their families in order to assimilate them in Russian society. Ukraine drew attention to the execution of Ukrainian soldiers and the mass killing of prisoners of war, a violation of international humanitarian law. Ukraine called for the unity of the international community in supporting Ukraine and defending the international legal order and ensuring accountability and justice for victims. 

 

6. Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

On 22 September 2025, Ms. Marta Valiñas (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The Mission noted that people have been arbitrarily detained, forcibly disappeared, and arbitrarily killed in the protests, including children and adolescents. State repression continues with the implementation of two laws that reduce and threaten NGOs and CSOs in the territory. The oral update to the Council was followed by an interactive dialogue with States and NGOs on the country’s human rights situation. 

The Mission presented the conclusions on the 12-months investigation on the excessive use of force by authorities in the post election protests in July 2024, the presidential inauguration in January 2025 and in March 2025. Ms. Valiñas informed the Council that the Mission will publish a report on the liability of the Bolivarian National Guard in human rights violations and international crimes over the last few years. The Mission has concluded that 25 people were arbitrarily killed in July with the implication of Security Forces and the Military, including two minors. Ms. Valiñas noted that the State has not provided any update on the criminal investigation that it said it had launched. 

Ms. Valiñas reported that some people who had been detained following the political protests died in State custody because of lack of access to health. Ms. Valiñas also reported that people detained died after having been released because their health conditions deteriorated while in detention. The authorities have not provided the victims’ families with autopsies, the families are not allowed to make public statements and public vigils and funerals have been prohibited. The Mission informed the Council of the alarming patterns to detain political opponents in incommunicado detention, including foreign citizens, who have been denied consular assistance. These actions amount to torture or prolonged inhuman or degreding treatment according to international standards. 

The Mission confirmed that 220 children and adolescents have been detained in August 2024 and 2 in January 2025. Four adolescents are still detained. Children and adolescents have been victims of arbitrary detention and serious due process violations, enforced disappearances lasting several days, torture, cruel treatment and serious acts of sexual violence and gender-based violence. The Mission has documented extortion-related detentions and of the arrest of family members of political opponents as reprisal, including cases of enforced disappearance lasting months. The Mission has also evidence of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, threats, beating, electric shocks or being asphyxiated during questioning or against detainees as punishment for their political opposition, either real or perceived. The Mission reported cases of sexual violence and gender-based violence, against young women, men and LGBTI people, including exchanging sexual performances for cleaning products, access to food or phone calls. 

Ms. Valiñas concluded by informing the Council that, during the period under investigation, the NGO Funding Act and the Simon Bolivar Act have been enacted, restricting funding and rights and freedoms, increasing criminalisation and breakdown of the NGO fabric.

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, speaking as the country concerned, condemned the UN activities against the country in the context of the financial liquidity crisis and the lack of response on the human rights violations of Venezuela migrants. Venezuela called out the 20-years investigation in the country, which sought regime changes and attempts at destabilising the government. Venezuela noted that other powers created the Mission as a framework for external interference and criticised the Mission for using dubious sources, fabricated or unverified testimonies, statistics without methodological rigor and proven political motivation. Venezuela informed the Council that the Mission has never entered the country. They also noted that they uphold human rights in accordance with the Venezuelan Constitution and law. 

 

7. Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua

On 23 September 2025, Mr. Jan-Michael Simon (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua. Mr. Jan-Michel Simon highlighted that violations and patterns of crimes against humanity continue, extending beyond the borders of the State, through an extended surveillance network of Nicaraguans in exile. The worsening situation has resulted in the increase in disappearances, abuses and attacks on civilians to crush dissent in the country. The Group called for the international community to protect Nicaraguans in exile. 

Mr. Simon noted that the Group continues to be unable to access the country and the Government refuses to provide any information. Mr. Simon stated that the persecutions from the government and human rights violations are spread beyond their territory to Nicaraguans in exile. Mr. Simon informed about the publication of a complementary report, Nicaragua: Persecution Beyond Borders Exile and Transnational Human Rights Violations focusing on the victims of transnational violations perpetuated and the methods to punish and silence exiled Nicaraguans. Mr. Simon reported that national authorities have implemented methods of a long-scale of violations and the use of arbitrary deprivation of nationality as a tool of political persecution. Victims have become stateless, in contravention with the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, to which Nicaragua is party since 2003. Other transnational practices are prohibition of entering the country and suppression of official documents like passports and birth certificates, including children. The Group informed that authorities have also punished family members of exiled Nicaraguans, including children, affecting the mental health of the population in exile. 

Mr. Simon reported that the Group has identified and documented the existence of a surveillance and intelligence network to identify, locate and monitor Nicaraguans in exile. Testimonies of individuals have reported being photographed, followed, arrested, approached and threatened while abroad. Furthermore, the digital espionage against Nicaraguans in exile and their families  constitutes a sustained pattern of transnational violations, with particular worrying over reports of murders and attempted murders against Nicaraguans in exile. 

Mr. Simon informed the Council that the situation inside Nicaragua worsens every day with documented incidents of State’s policies including physical and psychological violence, political persecution, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, legal reconfiguration of the state to crush dissent and maintain total control over the population. Mr. Simon reported that enforced disappearance and arbitrary arrest concern every sector of Nicaraguan society, including former military personnel and the historic circle of President Ortega. The government continues to target religious institutions, with recurring practices such as sermon censorships, surveillance of masses, the presence of undercover agents, restriction of processions and confiscations. 

Mr. Simon concluded by stating that some of these violations fall in prima facie crimes against humanity, including persecutions on political grounds. He appealed to the international community to protect the exiled and the Nicaraguans abroad, providing some recommendations: first, he recommended to expedite pathways to the access to refuge, asylum and naturalisation; second, to ensure the protection of the de jure statelessness persons as enshrined in international obligations; third, to adopt accountability measures before the International Court of Justice, for the violations of international obligations; fourth, to investigate crimes and accountability for individual criminal responsibility, whether perpetuated by Nicaraguans State officials or non-state intermediaries; fifth, to extend legal action and targeted sanction against individual, institutions and entities, particularly those in the reported submitted by the Group to the Council session prior to this one and newly published Report on persecution beyond borders. 

 

8. Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic

On 23 September 2025, Mr. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (Chair) spoke on behalf of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. Mr. Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro briefed the Council about the steps taken by the Interim Government to address the violations in the country. Civilians continue to be victims of abuse, humiliating and degrading treatment and war crimes. The COI has begun investigations on the matters and they have been invited by the Interim Government to ensure proper investigation. 

Mr. Pinheiro presented the assessment on the Syrian Arab Republic and the reports following their visit the week before the oral update. During their visit, they met with the Interim State authorities in Damascus to discuss the potential for political and institutional transformations to enhance the respect and protection of human rights and address the violations. He reported that the Minister of Justice assured that every step was made for the respect of human rights of detainees and the access to families and lawyers. The COI reiterated their long-standing recommendation for a moratorium on the implementation of the death penalty. The COI stressed the need for civilians and families of missing people to be central and active participants in the transitional justice process.

Mr. Pinheiro informed that the conditions in Syria continue to remain dire. The COI released a report on the systematic attacks since January 2025 and recommendations to ensure redress. He noted that such acts represent war crimes and require accountability and compensations of victims and affected communities by the State authorities. Mr. Pinheiro remained that all individuals held in State custody for suspected of international human rights and national violations should be dealt with respect and ensure prompt access to impartial tribunals and fair trials. Mr. Pinheiro asked the Interim authorities to address the underlying causes of violence as hate speech and incited violence contribute to the division and violation of rights and lead to further escalations. Mr. Pinheiro informed that the Ministry of Justice appointed a Committee to investigate the reports and accidents, including those perpetuated by members of the Interim Government Security Forces. The COI reports that their own investigation into the events was initiated in July. Mr. Pinheiro welcomed the invitation by the Foreign Ministry to investigate the events and informed that the proposal of dates will be made soon. 

Mr. Pinheiro reported that the clashes have led to the involvement of other armed forces in the country. Israel continues its attack on the Syrian Arab Republic, which caused the destruction of infrastructures and the death of many civilians. In the Southern region, Israel violated Syrian sovereignty, crossing and occupying territories beyond the 1974 separation line, displacing civilians and detaining many. Mr. Pinheiro called for the immediate cessation of such actions. Mr. Pinheiro reports that more than 220.000 IDPs, in addition to many who have gone missing or been abducted. Women are suffering from gender-based violence, sexual assault or forced marriage.

Mr. Pinheiro welcomed the cessation of sanctions by the U.S.A. which will result in the possibility to respond to the needs of the population. He noted that the Syrian people continue to call for justice and to restore the dignity of the population after the dictatorship and war. He called on all States to support the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian population and to assist the Interim Syrian Authorities in building towards the future. 

The Syrian Arab Republic, speaking as the country concerned, recognised and appreciated the balanced approach of the COI. They reiterated their interest in achieving transitional justice, return of the refugees and the search for the missing people. They informed that the Syrian government is investigating the matters of the coastal region and are striving to ensure reconciliation in the population. The Syrian Arab Republic provided the COI with unprecedented access and support to investigate the matter. They reported about the definition of a roadmap to ensure practical steps to ensure justice, hold all perpetrators accountable according to Syrian law. They condemned the Israeli intervention and the violation of Syrian sovereignty. They informed the Council about the parliamentary election that will take place in the near future and their intention of drafting a constitution and establishing a solid constitutional foundation for the new Syrian State. 

 

Item 5 & item 10 General Debate

Item 5

During the general debate under item 5, held on 25 September, several delegations made statements supporting the independence and integrity of OHCHR and its increasing presence in the field. Speakers pointed out their support for Special Procedures and their mandate holders and encouraged the HRC to address the dangerous precedent set by the sanctions and reprisal and attacks against them. They also address the current challenges of the liquidity crisis and the possible resolutions that could be taken in light of it. 

The European Union delivered a statement on behalf of a group of countries. They reaffirmed their commitment to the human rights system and the crucial role of the United Nations, the OHRCH and the system as a whole. They condemned and called for the end of attacks, intimidation, repression and threats to the mandate-holders, human rights defenders and civil society which aim to harm, silence or intimidate them. They encouraged States to accommodate the mandate holders and respect their role and the human rights system. They expressed concern over the current liquidity crisis and its impact on the Council and the system and called for the redirection of sufficient funding to the Human Rights Pillar. They urged all States to constructively participate in the Human Rights Council. 

Uganda, speaking on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligning Countries (NMA), reminded that the Human Rights Council should consider the challenges in each Member State to ensure objectivity and non-politicisation and avoid the selective approach. They reiterated that mandate holders should also respect  each country and should abide by their conduct according to the Code of Conduct. They expressed concern over the non-representation or under-representation of NMA Member States, based on the principle of regional distribution of the UN. They reminded the OHCHR to promote and protect human rights in line with its mandate. 

China, speaking on behalf of a group of countries, reported that, on the 80th anniversary of the United Nations, they support the General Assembly resolutions to improve efficiency and transparency. They made a proposal for the achievement of equality of all countries, their equal participation and equal decision making in global governance. They reaffirmed the importance of the rule of law of international law and the avoidance of double standards to ensure a shared benefit for all countries. They expressed the need for a people-centred approach and the promotion of all human rights equally to produce practical results in an objective, impartial and non-politicised manner. 

Afghanistan condemned the sanctions imposed on Special Procedures mandate holders. They reported the current human rights violations in Afghanistan, urging member states to help the crisis and to press the Taliban government to stop the violations. They reminded the importance of protecting all people and their human rights. They appreciate the creation of a Special Procedure for Afghanistan but called for the establishment of a Mechanism for the people of Afghanistan and for accountability in the country. 

Ecuador, on its candidacy for the Human Rights Council, committed to constructive cooperation with the OHCHR and to the universality, interdependence and indivisibility of human rights for all people. Ecuador stated that human rights are the hallmark of their foreign policy and their intent to respect it. They committed to contribute to strengthen cooperation within the human rights system and ensure the protection and promotion of human rights. Ecuador shared its intent and willingness to work with transparency and in solidarity with other States and stakeholders in the field of human rights. 

Item 10

During the general debate under item 10 on technical assistance and capacity-building, held on 3 October, speakers reiterated their support for technical assistance and capacity-building and some reminded the importance of maintaining equality, non-politicisation and based on State’s consent. SIDS and LDCs thanked for the support but urged all States to continue to support the Trust Fund to ensure that human rights develop equally everywhere and no one is left behind. 

The European Union, speaking on behalf of a group of countries, thanked the OHCHR for the report and emphasised the critical role of technical assistance and capacity building for strengthening human rights. They welcomed the decision to establish an OHCHR office in Bangladesh. They welcomed Georgia’s cooperation with OHCHR and reiterated their support to Georgia within their borders. They strongly condemned human rights violations in Yemen and continue to support capacity building of the Commission of Inquiry but consider the current mandate as insufficient. They proposed that the situation of human rights in Yemen is considered through an independent OHCHR report.

Malaysia, speaking on behalf of ASEAN and Timor Leste, stated the fundamental role of technical assistance and capacity building in aiding States fulfilling their human rights obligations and commitments. They stressed the need for technical cooperation to be tailored to each countries’ needs, national priorities and context, based on consultations and the consent of the State concerned. They believe that only this way enhances national ownership and the impactful and sustainable realisation of human rights. They reaffirmed their commitment to promote and protect human rights in their region and will continue to strengthen their ASEAN framework, including the ASEAN human rights Declaration. They reaffirmed their commitment to cooperation with other States and partners to advance the full enjoyment of human rights for all. 

Maldives, speaking on behalf of a group of SIDS, noted the technical challenges they face due to their geographical isolations and vulnerability to environmental and economic shocks, exacerbated by climate change. The international financial architecture is insufficiently responsive to their needs and challenges. They reaffirmed that technical assistance and capacity building and the SIDS Trust Funds have been invaluable for enabling their meaningful participation in the Council and ensuring the advancement of their priorities in their territories. However, they appealed for predictable and sustained resources for the LDCs and SIDS Trust Funds because of the scale of their particular challenges. As the UN advances the UN80 initiative, they look forward to assistance to be more efficient and more inclusive. 

Brazil, speaking on behalf of a group of 68 countries, expressed deep concern over Israel’s intercept  of the Global Sumund Flotilla and the violations of the principle of freedom of navigation in international waters. They deplored the military actions violating fundamental rights and endangered physical integrity of activists. They reminded Israel of its responsibility for the well-being of the individuals who have been arrested and detained. They reiterated their call for the immediate and unconditional lifting of all restrictions on distribution of humanitarian aid imposed by Israel in the Gaza Strip and for Israel to align with its obligations as an occupying power under the fourth Geneva Convention. They stressed that technical cooperation and international solidarity will be pivotal for the strengthening of local capacities and the future reconstruction of Gaza, once ceasefire is achieved.

Pakistan, speaking on behalf of the OIC, reiterated their support for the Council technical assistance and capacity building mandate as a preferred constructive and non-politicised tool to promote respect for human rights and enhance national capacity. The mandate is helping States strengthen their institutions by providing training and capacity building and support, a pre-requisite for the promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms. They commended the role of OHCHR but expressed concern of using the mandate as a means to interfere with domestic affairs of a sovereign State. They reminded that the integrity of the mandate rested on the consent of the States and the consideration of their particularities. They expressed concern over the inequitable resource allocations that has constrained OHCHR to equally focus on all human rights. They echoed the concern and condemnation of the interception of the Global Sumud Flotilla and requested for the Council to address the violations of maritime, humanitarian and international human rights laws. 

 

Universal Periodic Review

Adoption of the UPR Working Group outcome reports

The Council adopted the UPR outcome reports of Armenia, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye.

The Council could not adopt Nicaragua’s UPR outcome report, as Nicaragua continues to disengage from the Human Rights Council, as informed on 27 February 2025. The Bureau had decided to postpone the adoption of the report from the 58th Session to the 60th. Now, consequently, the Bureau urged the State to resume cooperation with the mechanism and for the President of the Human Rights Council to continue to take all the appropriate steps and measures within its mandate and postponed the consideration of the adoption of Nicaragua’s UPR report to Council’s 63rd Session, with the possibility for it to be scheduled earlier. Additionally, the Human Rights Council has decided to consider any further appropriate steps at the 63rd Session in the light of the provisions of General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1

A total of 3,711 recommendations were made to these 14/15 States, out of which 2,939 were accepted in full,750 were noted, and 22 were partially supported/noted.

General debate under item 6

On 29 September 2025, the Human Rights Council held a general debate on the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) under item 6. The UPR was highlighted by a high number of representatives as ‘a fundamental mechanism,’ guided by the principles of universality, impartiality and equality, to review human rights issues at national level without polarisation and politicisation, ensuring sharing of experiences and best practices for the promotion and protection of human rights. Some speakers called for the UPR to be strengthened in order to reinforce the provision of capacity-building support and technical assistance to States. Some States expressed concern over the liquidity crisis and how it can affect the UPR. 

Norway, speaking on behalf of the Group of Friends of the UPR, reaffirmed their commitment to the UPR as a cooperative and action-oriented mechanism and a tool to measure progress in the human rights record of each country. They expressed regret over some States’ decision to withdraw or absent themselves from the UPR and urged them to re-engage. They stressed the importance of providing adequate resources to the UPR and the UPR Trust Funds, especially to ensure the participation of LDCs and SIDS. They called for States to prioritise implementation of recommendations, share good practice and support meaningful participation of other actors, including civil society and NHRIs. 

Malaysia, speaking on behalf of ASEAN and Timor Leste, reaffirmed their support to the UPR mechanism, the only mechanism based on the principles of equal treatment, impartiality and universal participation of Member States. They supported the UPR as an opportunity to share progress, identify challenges and highlight efforts to fulfil human rights obligations and commitments. They underlined the importance of the UPR to respond to specific needs and priorities of countries to implement recommendations in a more meaningful and effective way. They expressed their concern over the liquidity crisis and its possible effects on the services of the UPR Working Group, whose work is pivotal to ensure transparency and inclusivity. 

Venezuela, speaking on behalf of the Group of Friends in Defence of the UN Charter, reminded that the UPR is based on objective information from reliable sources. They reiterated the universality and equality of all States in the exercise, which is oriented to cooperation based on interactive dialogue and the full participation of the concerned country, considering their necessities and particularities. The Group of Friends regretted the use of certain States or Group of States to politicise the UPR through statements and accusations that violate the principles of the UN Charter and other instruments. The Group of Friends will continue to promote the UPR as a voluntary mechanism where States can cooperate and formulate recommendations for the promotion and protection of human rights. 

Ghana, speaking on behalf of the African Group, underlined their support for the UPR as a universal, constructive and non-confrontational mechanism, based on equal treatment and dialogue to address challenges in the promotion and protection of human rights. They informed that UPR compliments the regional mechanisms and reflects the African Union’s intention to advance in democracy, good governance and human rights across the continent. To maximise UPR’s impact, they reminded the importance of ensuring the translation of recommendations into practice, including the socioeconomic life of citizens. They called for enhanced cooperation for technical assistance and capacity building, especially for LDCs and SIDS and countries in post-conflict contexts. The African Group urged all States to increase their engagement with the UPR mechanism.

Bangladesh reaffirmed its support for the UPR as a tool for constructive dialogue, enhanced cooperation and share of best practices. It underlined how UPR allows for States to be on equal footing. Bangladesh reminded that any attempt to undermine constructive dialogue is to be avoided and it is pivotal to take into account the national sensibility and capabilities in making recommendations. It noted that countries may be unable to implement recommendations for resources and capacity constraints; thus, Bangladesh stressed the centrality of technical assistance and capacity-building in recommendations. They reminded all States to participate and engage with the UPR in the spirit of cooperation. 

Algeria reaffirmed their commitment to the UPR, a necessary pillar to institutionally develop a country’s human rights record. It stressed its role as a tool to exchange best practices and a means to submit interesting proposals. They reminded States to consider cultural, social and economic characteristics of States when making their recommendations. They stressed the importance of the role of Civil Society Institutions and the provision of technical assistance and capacity building upon States’ request for the implementation of recommendations. They concluded by reminding that the UPR is based on the principles of equality, non-politicisation, non-selectivity and impartiality. 

 

Special Procedures

Interactive Dialogues

21 mandate holders (14 thematic, 7 country-specific) presented annual reports or oral updates to HRC60 (the written reports are available here). During 21 interactive dialogues, 143 States delivered statements (either individually or jointly), of which 30% were from the African Group, 24% from APG, 15% from EEG, 14% from GRULAC, 17% from WEOG, and 1% from other countries (namely the State of Palestine, the Holy See and the Sovereign Order of Malta).

Appointment of new mandate-holders

On the final day of the session, the following four mandate-holder was appointed to fill positions on existing mandates:

1. Mr. Aristide NONONSI (Benin) was appointed as the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Central African Republic.

To inform the appointments, the Consultative Group, made up of representatives of Malawi, Republic of Korea, North Macedonia, Guatemala, and Türkiye, scrutinised approximately 27 individual applications made for this position.

Adopted texts

The 60th session of the Council concluded with the adoption of 37 texts (35 resolutions, one decision and one President’s statement). This is the one report less than the number of texts (38) adopted at the 57th session in September 2024. Out of the 37 adopted texts:

• 30 were adopted by consensus (81%).
• 33 had Programme Budget Implications (89%).
• 24 were thematic; 13 dealt with country-specific situations; and one pertained to organisational and procedural matters. Of the country-specific texts, three resolutions address human rights situations under item 2 (i.e., annual reports of the High Commissioner, his Office, and the Secretary-General), three resolutions deal with ‘human rights situations that require the Council’s attention,’ under item 4, seven resolutions relate to technical assistance and capacity building under item 10.

Adopted texts listed in order of L numbers

Agenda item	Title	Sponsors	PBI	Total	Means of adoption
1	Reports of the Advisory Committee	President of the Human Rights Council	✗		Adopted by consensus
2	Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Malawi, Montenegro, North Macedonia	✓		Adopted by consensus
2	Situation of human rights in Afghanistan	Denmark (on behalf of the European Union)	✓	↑$9,528,300	Adopted by consensus
2	Responding to the human rights and humanitarian crisis caused by the ongoing armed conflict in the Sudan	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Norway	✓		Adopted by a recorded vote (24-12-11)
3	Human rights and Indigenous Peoples: mandate of Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples	Mexico, Guatemala	✓		Adopted by consensus
3	Mandate of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination	Cuba	✓		Adopted by a recorded vote (28-2-17)
3	Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order	Cuba	✗		Adopted by a recorded vote (24-6-17)
3	The right to development	Uganda (on behalf of Movement of Non-Aligned Countries)	✓	↑$8,200	Adopted by a recorded vote (28-5-14)
3	Arbitrary detention	France	✓	↑$304,000	Adopted by consensus
3	Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery and trafficking in persons	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Argentina, Australia, Germany, Jordan, Philippines	✓	↓$500,000	Adopted by consensus
3	The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation	Germany, Spain	✓	↓$25,300	Adopted by consensus
3	Question of the death penalty	Switzerland, Belgium, Benin, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Mongolia, Republic of Moldova	✓		Adopted by a recorded vote (31-8-7)
3	The human rights of older persons	Argentina, Brazil, Gambia, Philippines, Slovenia	✓	↑$13,900	Adopted by consensus
3	The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health	Brazil	✓		Adopted by consensus
3	Preventable maternal mortality and morbidity and human rights	New Zealand, Colombia, Estonia	✓	↑$229,000	Adopted by consensus
3	The role of prevention in the promotion and protection of human rights: the rule of law and accountability	Ukraine, Australia, Hungary, Maldives, Morocco, Poland, Uruguay	✓		Adopted by consensus
3	Human rights and Indigenous Peoples	Mexico, Guatemala	✓	↑$43,200	Adopted by consensus
3	Promoting and protecting economic, social and cultural rights within the context of addressing inequalities	China, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Egypt, Pakistan, South Africa	✓	↑$2,138,300	Adopted by consensus
3	Promotion and protection of the human rights of women and children in conflict and post-conflict situations: ensuring justice, remedies and reparation for victims	Qatar, Costa Rica	✓	↑$137,300	Adopted by consensus
3	The human rights implications of drug policy	Colombia, Albania, Brazil, Greece, Guatemala, Mexico, Portugal, Switzerland, Uruguay	✓	↑$208,900	Adopted by consensus
3	Sea-level rise and its effects on the full and effective enjoyment of human rights	Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Cabo Verde, Cyprus, Ecuador, Maldives, Malta	✓	↑$919,500	Adopted by consensus
4	Situation of human rights in Burundi	Denmark (on behalf of the European Union)	✓		Adopted by a recorded vote (23-15-9)
4	Situation of human rights in the Russian Federation	Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden	✓	↑$7,500	Adopted by a recorded vote (20-18-8)
4	Situation des droits de l’homme dans l’est de la République démocratique du Congo	Democratic Republic of the Congo	✓	↑$4,448,600	Adopted by consensus
5	Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights	Hungary, Fiji, Ghana, Ireland, Uruguay	✗		Adopted by consensus
6	Non-cooperation of a State under review with the universal periodic review mechanism	President of the Human Rights Council	✗		Adopted by consensus
9	A world of sports free from racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance	Brazil, Ghana (on behalf of Group of African States)	✓		Adopted by consensus
9	From rhetoric to reality: a global call for concrete action against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance	Ghana (on behalf of Group of African States)	✓	↑$239,500	Adopted by consensus
10	Promoting international cooperation to support national mechanisms for implementation, reporting and follow-up	Paraguay, Brazil	✓	↑$91,600	Adopted by consensus
10	Assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Somalia	✓	↑$1,997,000	Adopted by consensus
10	Cooperation with Georgia	Georgia	✓	↑$23,400	Adopted by consensus
10	Enhancement of technical cooperation and capacity-building in the field of human rights	Thailand, Brazil, Honduras, Indonesia, Morocco, Norway, Qatar, Singapore, Türkiye	✓	↑$125,300	Adopted by consensus
10	Technical assistance and capacity-building for Yemen in the field of human rights	Algeria (on behalf of Group of Arab States)	✓		Adopted by consensus
10	Technical assistance and capacity-building to improve human rights in Libya	Ghana (on behalf of Group of African States)	✓	↑$70,000	Adopted by consensus
10	Assistance technique et renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des droits de l’homme en République centrafricaine	Ghana (on behalf of Group of African States)	✓	↑$18,800	Adopted by consensus
10	Advisory services and technical assistance for Cambodia	Japan	✓	↑$23,400	Adopted by consensus
10	Assistance technique et renforcement des capacités dans le domaine des droits de l’homme en République démocratique du Congo	Democratic Republic of the Congo	✓	↓$368,900	Adopted by consensus